Our award-winning, cult classic formula blends a high percentage of organic ingredients and is a must-have for those who don’t want to use a mirror but do want to pull a. We always update changes when noticed, but please refer to the information on your product packaging for the most up-to-date list of ingredients. ILIA's first product was the Tinted Lip Conditioner - imagine a beautifully lightweight clean lipstick meets hydrating, nourishing lip balm. What it is: A richly pigmented vegan lipstick that delivers lasting coverage in one smooth application. Ilia reimagined their lipsticks to be long-wearing, truly hydrating and provide full coverage. We reimagined our lipsticks to be long-wearing, truly hydrating and provide full coverage in just one swipe. Ilia Beauty Clean color, high pigment and performance driven. How it works: Clean color, high pigment, and performance driven. * USAD Certified organic cosmetic ingredient The shade: French nude with a neutral undertone. What it is: A richly pigmented vegan lipstick that delivers lasting coverage in one smooth application. ![]() ![]() Ricinus Communis (Castor) Seed Oil*, Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride, Candelilla Cera/Euphorbia Cerifera (Candelilla) Wax/Cire de Candelilla, Cera Carnauba/Copernicia Cerifera (Carnauba) Wax/Cire de Carnauba, Prunus Armeniaca (Apricot) Kernel Oil, Oleic/Linoleic/Linolenic Polyglycerides, Oryza Sativa (Rice) Bran Extract, Simmondsia Chinensis (Jojoba) Seed Oil, Jojoba Esters, Hydroxystearic/Linolenic/Oleic Polyglycerides, Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Wax, Tocopheryl Acetate, Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Extract, Caprylyl Glycol, Ethylhexylglycerin, Tocopherol, Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea) Butter, Camellia Oleifera Seed Oil, Aroma, Mangifera Indica (Mango) Seed Butter, Rosa Canina Fruit Oil, Rosmarinus Officinalis (Rosemary) Leaf Extract, Theobroma Cacao (Cocoa) Seed Butter, Vitis Vinifera (Grape) Seed Oil, Rubus Idaeus (Raspberry) Seed Oil, Acacia Decurrens Flower Cera/Wax, Polyglycerin-3, Benzyl Alcohol, Benzyl Benzoate, Citronellol, Geraniol, Limonene, Linalool, [+/-: TITANIUM DIOXIDE (CI 77891), IRON OXIDE (CI 77491, CI 77492, CI 77499), RED 7 LAKE (CI 15850)**, YELLOW 5 LAKE (CI 19140)**, RED 30 LAKE (CI 73360)**, RED 28 LAKE (CI 45410)**, RED 22 LAKE (CI 45380)**, MANGANESE VIOLET (CI 77742). ILIA Beauty Color Block High Impact Lipstick - Amberlight - 0.14 oz - A clean lipstick, crafted by hand, that offers high-impact color and a smooth.
0 Comments
![]() He comes from the United States and has Italian ancestry. He is the main character and protagonist of the series, and has appeared in all the titles (except for Metal Slug Advance). King of Fighters/ Ikari Warriors characters Ralf Jones and Clark Still have appeared since Metal Slug 6, and their King of Fighters teammate Leona Heidern is available as an extra downloadable character for Metal Slug XX, a revised edition of Metal Slug 7. The Game Boy Advance edition of the game features two new characters specific to that title: PF squad trainees Walter Ryan and Tyra Elson. Eri and Tarma returned in the fifth game. In the fourth game, Nadia Cassel and Trevor Spacey made their debut, replacing Eri and Tarma, but have not returned for later games. These four are considered by fans to be the quintessential Metal Slug team. From the second installment, characters can be chosen independently, and Eri Kasamoto and Fiolina "Fio" Germi were added to the cast. Marco Rossi and Tarma Roving were the only playable characters in the first game, and each was reserved solely to the first and second player, respectively. Metal Slug 7 has less outlandish elements with the Mars People replaced by an alternative universe of Morden's Army with futuristic equipment and weapons Characters Metal Slug 6 returned to the plot of the first three installments, bringing back Morden's Rebel Army and the Mars People. The fifth moved to the motif of modern guerrilla warfare, leaving only traces of the series signature quirky humor and paranormal enemies (except for the final boss). Outlandish elements were removed from the fourth game to return to the feel of the original title, which resulted in poor critical and commercial reception. In the games following the first, the PF Squad also battles an alien threat to Earth (the Mars People), as well as several other supernatural threats including yetis, zombies, ambulatory Venus flytraps, giant crabs, and mummies. Later games featured characters from the Sparrows Unit, which is under the control of the Regular Army's intelligence division. The first game's story involved the Peregrine Falcon (PF) Squad, a small but skilled team of soldiers serving under the Regular Army's special operations division, who fight against the army of General Donald Morden in order to prevent a massive coup d'état and the creation of a New World Order under General Morden. The "slug gunner" is considered the epitome of slug evolution. In Metal Slug 6 (and the home version of Metal Slug X, 3, 4, 5), Tarma can lock the vulcan cannons into one position and fire continuously. Over time, these specifications changed into any vehicle armed with a vulcan cannon and a cannon variant suited to the role of the vehicle, and propelled suitably for that vehicle's environment. The enemy chaser variant has a shield that must be destroyed before the vehicle can be destroyed. The vehicle can take three direct hits before it is destroyed. The vehicle can run over infantry and perform a suicide attack, with the driver jumping clear and the tank ramming into and exploding upon the target. ![]() The grenades are independent of the cannon's ammo system. Crouching opens a hatch on the top of the tank through which grenades can be thrown. The tank is armed with one cannon and twin vulcan cannons. It is a small, cartoonish silver-gray tank (SV is short for "Super Vehicle"). The SV-001 or Metal Slug is the main vehicle of the Metal Slug franchise. A new system was implemented with Metal Slug 6 allowing players to carry and switch between the handgun and two other weapons. Similarly, when ammo runs out, the player reverts to using the handgun, which has unlimited ammo. The player can only carry and use one weapon at a time, when a new weapon is found it replaces the previous one. The player starts with only a simple handgun, as the game progresses the player may pick up new weapons. This leads to the ability for the player to run in and use melee attacks to take down a number of troops, and the ability to quickly defeat enemies that can take plenty of damage like the mummies in Metal Slug 2. ![]() The player's melee attack is also much stronger than most shots. In this series, however, contact results in the opportunity to perform a melee attack and the opportunity for the enemy to perform a melee attack of his own if he has one. In most run and guns, contact with an enemy leads to annihilation. The gameplay of the series is characteristic of run and gun games: large numbers of enemies and a player character with extremely powerful weapons.
Stay tuned to Wingsplain for all Wingspan Asia Expansion news. This was just a “teaser,” Jamey will be revealing one new bird card each month in the lead-up to the full official announcement in “early Q4 2022”. If you do this correctly, you will get 70 badges in total with the NBA 2K21 most overpowered Kevin Durant. We’re excited to see more bird card reveals for Wingspan Asia Expansion in the coming months. Next, you are going to see the details of Kevin Durant's body shapes, attributes, badges and takeovers. I’d rate this bird as Tier 1 on our tier list. Instead of taking a turn or two to draw the necessary cards to play the Eagle, you could play the Peafowl, draw three cards, then play the Eagle on the next turn. Imagine that you have Indian Peafowl and Bonelli’s Eagle in hand. Kevin Durant Has Massive 50-Foot Wingspan on New Airplane Draymond Green Locking Up Hampton 5 Trademark Lil Wayne & Travis Scott Courtside For Rockets/. Durant is what is referred to as a hop shooter, something rare for a player of his height. That wingspan is the same size that the 7’5 Shawn Bradley had. Kevin Durant stands 6’10 and has a 7’5 wingspan. Your initial two cards must be drawn from the deck so it doesn’t have the “scooping power” of the Brant, although it has been clarified that the extra card you draw can be from the bird tray. The four-time NBA scoring champ is a player who uses his impressive wingspan to gain an advantage on the offensive side of the court. This is probably a good thing for game balance. ![]() We can see they balanced this by allowing all of your opponents to draw two cards as well. This bird is not only an efficient and flexible point bomb, but it also grants card advantage! Dropping a seven-point bird that also gives you three cards is amazing! It is now the seventh bird worth seven or more points that also has a nest size of three or greater. Usually, birds that are worth more points have smaller nests. Fuselage, airplane, without power 1335 wingspan, type A - l. Its seven points combined with its three-egg nest is a great value. military ( indicate SU or KD ) 41845 5300-925600 Tow target - Aerial winged metal 30 ft. It has a single wild food in its cost (looking at you, Omnivore Specialist), and the rest is invertebrates and seeds, the most common food types. It’s expensive at three total food, but you can’t ask for much more flexibility than this. The Indian Peafowl is an incredibly flexible bird, allowing you to play it into any habitat for a very forgiving food cost. ![]() ![]() Let’s have a look at our first Wing span Asia Expansion bird, the Indian Peafowl: Wingspan Expansion 3: Wingspan Asia On June 29th, 2022, Stonemaier Games revealed that Wingspan Expansion 3 is Wingspan Asia Expansion. ![]() If you are wondering what Aaaaaarrrrgh and variants actually sound Repetition of 'G's and 'H's is far less prevalent. Of Aaaaarrgghh (there's another one.) varies most commonly in the number of 'A's, and to a lesser extent in the number of 'R's. There are very few words which can be spelled in so many different ways, and it's oddly appropriate that any of the longer variants will inevitably be the very first entry in any dictionary. It offers such amazing versatility for the user. In this respect it's a very peculiar and unusual word - since The OED prefers the spelling Aargh, but obviously the longer the version, then the longer the scream. The word itself and variations of Aaargh are flourishing in various forms due to the immediacy and popularity of internet communications (blogs, emails, etc), although actually it has existed in the English language as an exclamation of strongĮmotion (surprise, horror, anguish, according to the OED) since the late 1700s. Aaaarrrgh (there are hundreds of popular different spelling variants) typically expresses a scream or cry of ironic or humorous frustration. More dramatically Aaaaaaaaaargh would be a written scream. (in this sense usually written and rarely verbal). Argh (the shortest version) is an exclamation, of various sorts, usually ironic or humorous (etc) - This is a remarkable word because it can be spelled in so many ways. for training, research, speaking, writing, quizzes and exercisesĪrgh / aargh / aaargh / aaaargh / aaarrgh / aaaaaaaaaaaaaaarrrrrgh Tips for using books for researching language origins ![]() If you like words/language quizzes see the diversity/words quizzes Significance of cultural diversity in language and communications development. I'm not able to answer all such enquiries personally although selected ones will be published on this page.ĭemonstrates that word and expressions origins can be used easily in quizzes, to teach about language, and also to emphasise the If you are trying to find origins or derivationsįor words, expressions, phrases, clichés, etc., that are not listed here, then please use theīelow before you contact me. If you have corrections or further details about the words, cliches, expressions origins and derivations on this page, please Thousands more cliches, expressions, origins and meanings. These derivations have been researched from a wide variety of sources, which are referenced at the end of this section. TheĮxplain this, and the organic nature of language change and development. The influence of French words in English historyįascinating, and this connection features in many words and expressions origins. The close relationship between society and language - especially Section contains money slang and word origins and meanings, and English money history.Įntry is a particularly interesting example of one of the very many different ways in which language Use an ordinary decent English dictionaryĮnglish Dictionary or Websters, etc), which will provide origins for most words and many related phrases (see the Some expressions with two key words are listed under each word.Ī commonly ignored reference source for many words and expressions origins - especially for common cliches that are not listed in slang and expressions dictionaries - is simply to Cliches and expressions are listed alphabetically according to their key word, for example, 'save your bacon' is listed under 'b' for bacon. These cliches, words and expressions origins and derivations illustrate the ever-changing complexity of language and communications, and are ideal free materials for word puzzles or quizzes, and team-building Many cliches and expressions - and words - have fascinating and surprising origins, and many popular assumptionsĪbout meanings and derivations are mistaken. Cliches and expressions give us many wonderful figures of speech and words in the English language, as they evolve via use and mis-use alike. ![]() The general discussion forums for Dota 2 and LiquidLegends should be listed under the "Other Games" block of the left sidebar. Users who can't see these forums can turn them on via the sidebar customization menu. Stream list and and tournament calendar migration, as well as subforum archiving is currently underway. We are sad to announce that as of June 15th, 2022, and will close down and be reintegrated into TL.net.Įver since TL.net started as a community website for StarCraft: Brood War in 2002, we’ve had the pleasure of following our community members as their interests branched out into other games and competitive scenes. For some games, this interest even became so great that it was beneficial to both the community and Team Liquid to create separate sites. LiquidHearth led the way, and it was then followed by LiquidDota and LiquidLegends. ![]() These sites carried the spirit of TL.net into their respective scenes, and we’re extremely proud of the articles, tournament coverage, strategy guides, and discussions (even the ones about balance) the staff and community and members created. Many of the writers, personalities, and behind-the-scenes workers in esports got their foot in the door through the Liquid family of sites, and we’re proud to see a part of the TL community carry on with them in their work. Unfortunately, just as a community might grow and branch out, it’s also a reality that some of those branches may dwindle over time. While it was a pleasure to serve the LiquidDota and LiquidLegends communities (and the LiquidHearth community before that), it is no longer practical for Team Liquid to continue operating them as separate websites at their current activity level. It’s been our honor to be a part of Dota 2 and League of Legends through our community sites, and Team Liquid will continue its commitment to those games through its professional teams and Liquipedia. The Dota 2 and League of Legends forums will be reintegrated back into TL.net where they began, and we welcome everyone to stay around and continue their conversations with old and new friends alike.Ĭommunity site reintegration with occur on June 15th, 2022. There may be some temporary downtime during the process. No flaming or derogatory remarks, directly or through insinuation.No discussion, sharing or referencing illegal software such as hacks, keygen, cracks and pirated software.No offensive contents, including but not limited to, racism, gore or pornography. You may not create multiple accounts for any purpose, including ban evasion, unless expressly permitted by a moderator.No Dota 2 key requests, sell, trade etc.No link spamming or signature advertisements for content not specific to Dota 2.No trolling, including but not limited to, flame incitation, user provocation or false information pious one liners in a short period of time, typing with all caps or posting meme responses (text/image). Before posting anything, make sure you check out all sticky threads (e.g., this).ĭo not create another thread if there is an existing one already.It is extremely important that you post in correct forum section.ĭo not create new threads about closed ones.All art related (such as hero model) feedbacks go to Art Feedback Forum. ![]()
![]() Again, a fake cake in planes composed of elegant personalized cupcakes, cakes, desserts. Or a geometrical composition of many small Sicilian cannoli that look like a pyramid. You can decide to create a cake entirely of macarons, colorful, beautiful to look at and very tasty. That is, a composition of many desserts to create a real cake. One way to amaze your guests, to have an original cake is an alternative is the “cake not cake”. It is not just a cake, but also much more. Special wedding cakes: a modern artistic composition! A riot of colors, shades, taste, goodness and romance. Your wedding cake will look like an elegant secret garden to admire and enjoy. You can add green branches, leaves based on the theme and season of your special day. The romanticism made in a cake … a wedding cake completely decorated with flowers! Real flowers colored and perfumed everywhere and cream flowers, of sugar paste to be savored. Geometric decorations, flowers, bursts of colors, three-dimensional decorations, and much more … a true luxury wedding cake that will leave all guests literally speechless!įloral wedding cakes: a bouquet of cream and perfumes! You can also choose to decorate it, as you desire … your cake designer will surely know how to make it exclusive and unique, giving free rein to its creativity and imagination. The tiered wedding cake is of unparalleled elegance. The tiered wedding cake: majestic and dreamy!Ī wonderful cake, perfect for a fairytale and luxurious wedding. Here, for you, some tips ok wedding cakes always very elegant and luxurious: First, therefore, choose the type of cake you dream of: in layers, very high, full of flowers, colored… The cake can be prepared in various ways, on several levels or on one, with structures and of course different designs and styles. Today, the shapes of the cakes are updated and diversified, creating a vast choice and leaving room for the creativity of cake designers: real artists! Obviously, the cake will not only have to be aesthetically beautiful, but also tasty and delicious… do not underestimate this aspect! It will be essential for your guests to also have a good and sweet memory of your wedding cake. For these decisions, always rely on the wise taste of your Wedding Planner: she will study the perfect cake and that fully respects the mood and characteristics of your wedding, especially in terms of colors and “scenic effect”. A luxury wedding cake is a mix of cake, luxury and design. You will then have to decide to make a cake using the colors of the palette chosen for the wedding and add refined, elegant and effective details. It will have to reflect your identities, but above all it will be the culmination of the mood and style of the entire event. Make these choices with care, and remember nothing can be left to chance.įor a luxury wedding, impact and a wonderful wedding cake is necessary. ![]() That is, the theme and style of the wedding, the dominant colors of the decorations and decorations and finally, of course, the taste of the cake. ![]() When it comes to choosing the cake, you need to keep in mind some basic details. It is a combination of value and creativity: the wedding cake must follow the theme, style and color chosen for your luxury wedding, but it must reflect your identity. Today the wedding cake is no longer a simple cake, it is not only the sweet conclusion of the banquet, but it is the creation of a moment, an emotion, an additional atmosphere. You will be at the center of attention and that is why you will have to choose a perfect wedding cake for you, which reflects your identities and your taste: it will be tailor-made for you! The closure in beauty with a blaze of colors, romance and sensations. It will be the summary of the mood you have choose for your wedding. It is the instant in which the party starts, the emotion will shift in everyone and, obviously, in which the palates of your guests will taste the sweetness of the moment. The background and the effect, then, will be fundamental to make one of the most significant and symbolic moments of your wedding, wonderful. The cake, in fact, must be just as unique and exclusive. The moment of the wedding cake and, above all, the style and the motif of the cake is another of the many aspects that you have to think carefully about when you are organizing a luxury wedding. ![]() ![]() What remains true is the combination of vintage elements (which have been reinforced) and modern movement, which has been drastically changed for this new collection. In fact, almost everything has changed visually and mechanically. Something was not totally working… But the revamped collection for 2022 corrects many things and comes with tons of arguments under its sleeve. There were many good things to see in this watch, such as the combination of vintage elements and modern movement, yet the balance was not perfect. Yet, this collection has never received an extremely warm welcome, being often overlooked compared to its Majesty the Moonwatch. If the Moonwatch is the worthy descendant of the watch worn on the Moon, the Speedmaster 57 has to be seen as a watch that pays tribute to the origins of the model, without looking in the mirror when it comes to technology. Launched in 2013, slightly revised in 2015, the Speedmaster 57 is a watch that combines a design with retro-styled elements – such as the symmetrical case, a brushed steel tachymeter bezel or broad-arrow hands on some models – with modernly sized case and 21st-century movement architecture. From case to movement or proportions, almost everything changes, and this new Omega Speedmaster 57 Calibre 9906 40.5mm Collection ticks many boxes.Īlongside the Speedmaster Racing and its 44.25mm case, the Speedmaster 57 and its 41.5mm diameter represents the modern side of the collection, at least technically speaking, as both were, until now, powered by the automatic in-house two-counter column-wheel chronograph movement (calibre 9300 or 9900). And today, in the frame of the 65th anniversary of the watch born in 1957, Omega gives the latter a complete revamp. Alongside the Moonwatch, the heritage models powered by the Calibre 321, the feminine collection, the Chronoscope or the large Racing models, the brand also has a vintage-inspired watch with modern mechanics, the Speedmaster 57. Since the 1970s, the Speedmaster is more than a watch, it’s a collection. This statement is, of course, partially right, but not complete. When thinking Speedmaster, you’ll immediately have in mind the classic Moonwatch, the Professional model that is coincidentally the direct descendant of the watches that made it to space. ![]() The gameplay of the game is very simple: you are given a cube block, some tools, and unlimited resources in order to build anything you want in your world. You need to build your own world from the ground up using blocks of different shapes and sizes, using your creativity to make it look as beautiful as possible. – The game has been designed for both Android and iOS platformsīlock Craft 3D mod is an addictive and challenging game that will keep you entertained for hours on end. – The game provides players with a wide variety of content to play, ranging from crafting, building, mining, exploring and more – Explore a huge world with lots of items to find – Create your own world by placing blocks It has been designed with the intention of providing players with a great gaming experience while also teaching them some basic coding skills and allowing them to learn how to create their own games. They have developed this game in order to provide players with an experience that is similar to those games which they have seen on the market.īlock craft 3d mod apk is the best choice for people who love playing games in their spare time. We will also talk about the different uses of this app including playing games with friends and family, spending time on creative projects like building a house or designing furniture etc.īlock Craft 3D Mod APK is a game that was developed by a team of developers. In this article, we will talk about the features of Block Craft 3D MOD APK. ![]() With this app, you can do a lot of cool things like crafting, building and exploring. Featuresīlock Craft 3D MOD APK is an amazing apk game that can be downloaded and installed on your device to play. The first version of this app was released in 2011 and it has been updated many times since then with many new features being added to it every time. The idea was created by using a 3d block-building software, which can be downloaded from the official website, It is a mod that allows players to build and create their own world. It’s easy to use and it provides a wide range of options to let you create anything from simple shapes to complex structures.īlock Craft 3D mod apk is one of the most popular mods for Minecraft. Introductionīlock Craft 3D is an intuitive and user-friendly app that lets you create your own 3D models of blocks, using which you can build your own 3D models of any shape. You can also share your creations with others through social media or email via the Block Craft website or on YouTube.īlock Craft 3D mod apk is one of the most popular mods for Minecraft. It’s easy to use and it provides a wide range of options to let you create anything from simple shapes to complex structures. Block Craft 3D is an intuitive and user-friendly app that lets you create your own 3D models of blocks, using which you can build your own 3D models of any shape. ![]() Suppose the deletion of files before disconnecting the account is already completed. You need to sign in to the Google Drive system and reconnect from the system to remove Google Drive from pc. Part 2 Part 2: How to Remove Google Drive from PC? Part 3: What should be careful when removing Google Drive from pc?.Part 2: How to Remove Google Drive from PC?.Part 1: Why Remove Google Drive from PC?.For this& you will need to read this blog carefully. However& sometimes things get stuck& and we may need to find out how to remove Google Drive from pc. It is important to note that non-profit organizations and schools will get it free of charge. Its price starts at $6 per user a month for 30 GB of internet storage an account. Yet it's one of the best available cloud services that you can find today.īusinesses will use G Suite& a Google Drive edition with all data and tools and Gmail& calendar and web connectivity& and more under their own domain name. However& there is some specific trick that you can use in Google Drive and its related software& Google Images& Files& Sheets& and Slides to get the best out of this. Google Drive is more than just a cloud-based backup and synchronization tool with a great free storage plan. Indeed& Google Drive has driven Microsoft to build Word& Excel& and PowerPoint online versions that work with its OneDrive storage/sync service. It is a great collection of software that now supports a much more advanced Microsoft Office. That includes text processor (documents or printed letters& all grown up)& panel (sheets)& images& drawings& and shapes. You will also find a file sharing and storage facility and numerous desktop and smartphone devices under the name of one Google Drive. Google's online office tools have developed several functions in past years. ![]() ![]() But I haven’t seen a good discussion of this problem in the literature. I would not propose a lack of expressiveness as a failure, because the inexpressive, the grey, the technical, the private, are all part of what Hindemith’s music does. It has a slightly sad “Arioso” -but only slightly sad, because most of Hindemith’s attention is focused on the possibilities of mirroring in the closing piece. The opening piece, which is mirrored and inverted in the closing piece (another technical feat-see below) is the most varied in expression it borrows, for example, from Bach’s Chromatic Fantasy and Fugue. 7, “Scherzando”), but as in Reger, such pieces tend to be leaden: even the playfulness is ponderous. ![]() Hindemith was always capable of machine-gun fast marches, which have a sort of heavy wit (the best here is Interludium no. 15, seems crafted to avoid sentiment, even though its form (walking bass, counterpoint of singing alto and soprano voices) is exactly what composers up through Prokofiev used for explicitly expressive purposes. 19, which I reproduce in its entirety here-although at the tempo Hindemith has indicated, the piece also loses some of the poignance it might have at a slightly faster tempo see Sviatoslav Richter’s performance for example.)Īt least one slow piece, Interludium, no. (There are a couple of strong exceptions, such as the plaintive Interludium, no. ![]() The humorous pieces here are stilted the marches are, as usual, harsh, cynical, and dissonant, in the manner of early modernism the lento pieces mainly avoid strong affect. Of the principal composers of his generation, Hindemith is perhaps the driest. Apparently Hindemith intended to effect a fusion between eighteenth-century fugue forms and twentieth-century harmonic theory, but if that’s the case then it implies a strange sense of the past: it’s as if a particular academic past is somehow required by mid-twentieth century post-tonal music, or compatible with it. It can seem hopeless and comical in its reactionary academicism, and in the idea that modernity, in this case, can be adequately addressed by inventing idiosyncratic harmonic theories. As a neoclassical gesture the Ludus tonalis is belated and doctrinaire in comparison to other neoclassicisms, for example Stravinsky’s. It would be interesting to know more about what led to the impetus to respond to Bach, and to demonstrate his own harmonic theory, at this particular moment. Ludus tonalis was composed in America, in 1942, and it may have been a response partly to Stravinsky, and perhaps also to early works by Babbitt and others. I suspect that for Hindemith it meant an opportunity to occlude sentiment in the name of complexity of construction. I’m not interested in technical analyses of fugues, because I am not sure of the purpose of demonstrating permutations of the form in America in the mid-twentieth century. What matters more, I think, is Ludus tonalis’s broader relation to modernity, and what it meant at that time to look back to the WTC. Gabriela Vlahopol’s essay “Baroque Reflections in Ludus Tonalis by Paul Hindemith,” which is available on the internet, summarizes the technical points and proposes some (mainly unconvincing) parallels to specific pieces in the WTC. Most liner notes and newspaper reviews focus on Hindemith’s harmonic theory, which is embodied in the sequences of fugues, and on the piece’s technical accomplishments. There is at least one dissertation, Debra Torok’s “Paul Hindemith’s Ludus Tonalis: Harmonic fluctuation analysis and its performance implications.” Hindemith apparently said he doubted there were many people left who could appreciate this level of composition. Ludus tonalis, which contains “interludes” and fugues in all 24 keys, is one of the twentieth century’s principal responses to Bach’s Well-Tempered Clavier. (Another is Shostakovich’s Twenty-four Preludes and Fugues, which I also review on this site.) An article comparing the Bach and Hindemith pieces was written in 1959 (Hans Tischler, “Hindemith’s Ludus tonalis and Bach’s Well-Tempered Clavier: A Comparison.” Music Review 20: 217-27), and an internet search turns up several master’s theses on the subject (some in Romania, for some reason). |